Abstract
The demand for brick materials is expected to increase rapidly. However, pollutant emission during the firing process becomes a threat to the human and environment. Therefore, this study is focusing on the release of pollutant gasses during firing manufactured bricks. The bricks were incorporated with 5% of palm oil waste (palm kernel shell and empty fruit bunches) and fired at different heating rates: 1°C/min, 3°C/min and 5°C/min. All samples were fired until it reached 1050°C and retained for 2 hours soaking time. The gas emission measured during firing process includes carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The results of estimated total emission (ETE) of gasses were compared to control bricks and palm oil waste brick. The result obtained has shown that increased heating rates cause decreased in gas emission, especially for CO2 and CO. Therefore, this study determined that pollutant gasses are least minimal at high heating rates (5°C/min). As a conclusion, several pollutant gasses did not comply with the federal Clean Air Act’s National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) set by Environmental Protection Agency.
Highlights
Brick is an essential building material in the construction field
The outcomes presented a beneficial information with regards to the control brick, empty fruit bunches (EFB) brick and palm kernel shell (PKS) brick with different heating rates (1oC/min, 3oC/min, and 5oC/min) and their effects on the estimated total emissions (ETEs)
Based on the outcomes acquired, it indicates that the potential gases that emit from the EFB and PKS bricks are carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, nitrogen oxide (NO) and SO2
Summary
Brick is an essential building material in the construction field. According to [1], approximately 60% of bricks were used in a new housing project, 20% for commercial buildings and 20% for repair and maintenance. Bricks may experience several changes which are burning out of carbonaceous matter and combustible sulfur in the clay, breakdown of carbonates present in the clay and released of combined water from clay [2] This may result in various pollutant gasses into the environment. Incorporation of waste products into fired clay brick is generously showing convincing result but most research only focuses on the physical and mechanical properties. The researcher concludes that higher heating rates (10°C.min-1) could be resulted in substantial gas emission incorporating PKS and EFB in fired clay brick is an alternative way to decrease the amount of waste in the landfill and to utilize the waste to form another product. This research will focus on the gas emissions that will emit during manufacturing the brick with waste utilization
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