Gas Component Transport Across the Soil‐Atmosphere Interface for Gases of Different Density: Experiments and Modeling

L M Bahlmann,I Neuweiler,K Heck,R Helmig,E Coltman,K M Smits

doi:10.1029/2020wr027600

Abstract

AbstractWe investigate the influence of near‐surface wind conditions on subsurface gas transport and on soil‐atmosphere gas exchange for gases of different density. Results of a sand tank experiment are supported by a numerical investigation with a fully coupled porous medium‐free flow model, which accounts for wind turbulence. The experiment consists of a two‐dimensional bench‐scale soil tank containing homogeneous sand and an overlying wind tunnel. A point source was installed at the bottom of the tank. Gas concentrations were measured at multiple horizontal and vertical locations. Tested conditions include four wind velocities (0.2/1.0/2.0/2.7 m/s), three different gases (helium: light, nitrogen: neutral, and carbon dioxide: heavy), and two transport cases (1: steady‐state gas supply from the point source; 2: transport under decreasing concentration gradient, subsequent to termination of gas supply). The model was used to assess flow patterns and gas fluxes across the soil surface. Results demonstrate that flow and transport in the vicinity of the surface are strongly coupled to the overlying wind field. An increase in wind velocity accelerates soil‐atmosphere gas exchange. This is due to the effect of the wind profile on soil surface concentrations and due to wind‐induced advection, which causes subsurface horizontal transport. The presence of gases with pronounced density difference to air adds additional complexity to the transport through the wind‐affected soil layers. Wind impact differs between tested gases. Observed transport is multidimensional and shows that heavy as well as light gases cannot be treated as inert tracers, which applies to many gases in environmental studies.

Highlights

Understanding the processes that determine gas exchange at the soil‐atmosphere interface is of particular interest in current discussions on climate change
We found that applying a factor of 1.5 to the wind velocity to be achieved) leads to a value for the boundary velocity vmax, which gives a sufficient match between measured and simulated velocity profiles above the soil surface
Experimental and numerical results demonstrate that flow and transport in the vicinity of the soil surface is strongly coupled to the overlying near‐surface wind field

Summary

Introduction

Understanding the processes that determine gas exchange at the soil‐atmosphere interface is of particular interest in current discussions on climate change. Wind is commonly understood to increase soil gas emissions (e.g., Levintal et al, 2019; Maier et al, 2012; Poulsen & Sharma, 2011) and evaporation rates (Acharya & Prihar, 1969; Davarzani et al, 2014; Fetzer et al, 2016; Hanks & Woodruff, 1958; Ishihara et al, 1992). This is supported by observations made in the BAHLMANN ET AL

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion