Abstract
As a key component of the cell-to-cell communication, small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) released from various sources are known to be affecting the physiological conditions of the target cells. Although it has been suggested that edible plant-derived nanoparticles contributes to the cross kingdom communication with the mammalian cells, the effect of these particles on cancer cell progression still needs a further exploration. Here, we isolated and then characterized garlic derived SEVs by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy and SEV surface antibodies. In order to investigate anti-cancer property of garlic SEVs A498 human kidney carcinoma, A549 human lung carcinoma were used as cell models along with the normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines. Annexin V/pI staining and analysis of apoptotic mRNA and protein expression levels suggested that garlic SEVs induced apoptosis through activation of intrinsic pathway. Furthermore, angiogenic VEGF protein expression levels significantly decreased in response to SEVs treatment in cancer cells. Our results support that garlic derived SEVs could cause apoptotic cell death among cancer cells while normal cells remain unaffected with the treatment. This study revealed for the first time that plant SEVs possess anti-cancer affects by inducing caspase mediated apoptosis and provided a new alternative for cancer treatment.
Highlights
In order to maintain tissue homeostasis as well as the integrity of the organisms, cell to cell communication serves a significant p urpose[1]
We show that the juice of Allium sativum contains small extracellular vesicles, SEVs that have antiproliferative and apoptotic activities on human kidney carcinoma cell line A498 and human lung carcinoma cell line A549 cell lines whereas no significant toxicity detected on the healthy human dermal fibroblast cells in vitro
In contrast to cancer cells, only a slight increase of 2% in the S phase cell population for human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) cells was recorded 24 and 48 h after the treatment with garlic SEVs. These results showed that garlic SEVs led to a cell cycle blockage on both A498 and A549 cells compared to their respective non-treated control
Summary
In order to maintain tissue homeostasis as well as the integrity of the organisms, cell to cell communication serves a significant p urpose[1]. Thought as garbage bins of the cells, exosome like nanoparticles are lipid complexes composed of multiple 3′–5′ exonucleases that work together in a harmony through a functional unit[3,4]. They are comprehended as highly regulated and organized structures with a size range between 30 and 150 nm[5]. Recent studies have suggested that plants do secrete extracellular extracellular vesicles involved in the cellular communication of plants[8]. A brand new approach for cancer treatment, developed from using natural, edible plant species, might be emphasized with our findings
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