Abstract
The literature shows that political support is not distributed evenly among the population. There are individual characteristics that create ‘gaps’ in how citizens evaluate democracy and its institutions. Nevertheless, there has been little attention on how gaps in political support change over time and across countries in Europe. While previous research has paid broad attention to cross-national differences in the winner–loser gap, little has been done on the education gap, and even less on the employment status gap. In addition, analysis of how these three gaps change over time has been overlooked, leaving questions about the trends in them unanswered. This chapter provides an overview of the effects of education, employment and electoral status on political support, illustrating their variation across countries and over time in Europe.
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