Abstract
Background: With epidemiological transition, stroke has emerged as a public health priority in rural India. However, population-level information on secondary prevention of stroke from rural areas of India and other low- and middle-income countries remains exceedingly rare. Methods: In a cross-sectional community-based survey, trained surveyors screened a well-defined population of 74,095 individuals living in 64 villages in Gadchiroli district of India for symptoms of stroke. A trained physician evaluated screen positive patients, diagnosed stroke, measured blood pressure and collected information on prior diagnosis of risk factors and current use of medications using a structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 265 stroke survivors were identified. Prior diagnosis of hypertension was made in 57.4%, diabetes in 9.8%, hyperlipidaemia in 0.4%, ischaemic heart disease in 1.5%. and atrial fibrillation in 1.1%. Blood pressure was uncontrolled (>140/90) in 46% of stroke survivors. Among men 71.2% used tobacco and 30% used alcohol, while among women 38.2% used tobacco and none used alcohol. Only 40.8% of stroke survivors were receiving antihypertensive medications, while 10.6% were on antiplatelet agents and 4.9% were on statins. In a multivariate analysis, age <50 years (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.5), male sex (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and lower economic status (no assets vs four assets; OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9) were associated with lower odds of receiving medications for secondary prevention of stroke. Conclusions: There were significant gaps in secondary prevention of stroke in rural Gadchiroli. Healthcare programmes for secondary prevention of stroke in rural areas will have to ensure that blood pressure is adequately controlled, alcohol and tobacco cessation is promoted and special attention is paid to those who are younger, men and economically weaker.
Highlights
Stroke is the third leading cause of death globally[1]
The burden of stroke has shifted from high income countries (HICs) to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India and 75% of all stroke deaths occur in these countries[2]
We found a significant gap in secondary prevention of stroke in this rural community despite stroke being a leading cause of death
Summary
Stroke is the third leading cause of death globally[1]. The burden of stroke has shifted from high income countries (HICs) to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India and 75% of all stroke deaths occur in these countries[2]. Recent studies suggest that stroke has emerged as a public health problem in rural India where two thirds of India’s and about 12% of world’s population lives[4,5,6,7]. In a study from central India, stroke was the leading cause of death in a rural community[4]. Prevalence and mortality rates and overall disease burden due to stroke remain high in rural India[3,5,6,8]. Population-level information on secondary prevention of stroke from rural areas of India and other low- and middle-income countries remains exceedingly rare. Healthcare programmes for secondary prevention of stroke in rural areas will have to ensure that blood pressure is adequately controlled, alcohol and tobacco cessation is promoted and special attention is paid to those who are younger, men and economically weaker
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