Gamma-hexalactone flavoring causes DNA lesion and modulates cytokines secretion at non-cytotoxic concentrations

Luísa Zuravski,Fávero R Paula,Michel M Machado,Taiane A Escobar,Marta M M F Duarte,Luís F S Oliveira,Elizandra G Schmitt,Thiago Duarte,Queila D F Amaral,Vanusa Manfredini

doi:10.1186/s40360-019-0359-x

Abstract

BackgroundThe γ-hexalactone is a flavoring agent for alcoholic beverages, teas, breads, dairy products, coffees, buttery products among others. It presents low molecular weight and exhibits sweet fruity aroma with nuances of nuts. As far as we know, both literature and government regulations have gaps regarding the safe use of the γ-hexalactone. In this context, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of γ-hexalactone through in silico and in vitro approaches.MethodsThe in silico analysis was performed through four free online platforms (admetSAR, Osiris Property Explorer®, pkCSM platform and PreADMET) and consisted of comparative structural analysis with substances present in databases. The computational prediction was performed in the sense of complement and guide the in vitro tests. Regarding in vitro investigations, screening of cytotoxicity (assessed by cell proliferation and viability parameters) in lymphocytes exposed to γ-hexalactone for 72 h were carried out previously to determine non-cytotoxic concentrations. Following this screening, concentrations of 5.15, 0.515, and 0.0515 μM were selected for the study of the respective potentials: genotoxic (assessed by DNA comet assay), chromosomal mutation (analysis of micronucleus frequency) and immunomodulatory (cytokine quantification using ELISA immunoassay). The results of in vitro assays were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test, conducted by statistic software.ResultsThe platform PreADMET pointed out that γ-hexalactone is potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic. The comet assay data corroborate with these results demonstrating that γ-hexalactone at 5.15 μM caused lymphocytes DNA damage. In relation to cytokine secretion, the results indicate that lymphocytes were activated by γ-hexalactone at non-cytotoxic concentrations, involving an increase in the IL-1 levels in all tested concentrations, ranging from approximately 56 to 93%. The γ-hexalactone only at 5.15 μM induced increase in the levels of IL-6 (~ 60%), TNF-α (~ 68%) and IFN-γ (~ 29%), but decreased IL-10 (~ 46%) in comparison with the negative control (p < 0.05). No change was observed in total lymphocytes or in cell viability at the concentrations tested.ConclusionsIn summary, the γ-hexalactone demonstrated immunomodulatory and genotoxic effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations in healthy lymphocytes.

Highlights

The γ-hexalactone is a flavoring agent for alcoholic beverages, teas, breads, dairy products, coffees, buttery products among others
In silico toxic risk prediction According to PreADMET program (Table 1) the γhexalactone presents potential mutagenic and carcinogenic
In vitro toxicological analyses Cellular proliferation assay The total number of cells after exposure to noncytotoxic concentrations of γ-hexalactone remained like the negative control group (Fig. 1a)

Summary

Introduction

The γ-hexalactone is a flavoring agent for alcoholic beverages, teas, breads, dairy products, coffees, buttery products among others. It presents low molecular weight and exhibits sweet fruity aroma with nuances of nuts. As far as we know, both literature and government regulations have gaps regarding the safe use of the γhexalactone. In this context, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of γ-hexalactone through in silico and in vitro approaches. Toxicological activities such as cytotoxicity and mutagenicity risk are not well known In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the γhexalactone effects through computational and in vitro toxicological approaches

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Conclusion