Gallstone Disease in Patients with Severe Short Bowel Syndrome Dependent on Parenteral Nutrition

Abstract

An increased incidence of gallbladder disease is seen in patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition (PN). Stasis is thought to play a key role in the development of gallbladder sludge and gallstone formation. The highest incidence of gallbladder disease, by previous reports, is seen in patients with terminal ileal disease or resection. Since PN-dependent patients with severe short bowel syndrome secondary to mesenteric vascular accident have both gallbladder stasis and massive small bowel resection, a retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of symptomatic gallbladder disease in this group. Of 11 patients followed over 9 years, five met the inclusion criteria of less than 60 cm of bowel remaining, receiving PN for longer than 6 months and the initial presence of a gallbladder. All five patients developed symptomatic gallbladder disease manifested by cholecystitis or pancreatitis. Factors contributing to gallbladder stasis included poor oral intake and use of anticholinergic and analgesic drugs. Gastric hypersecretion indirectly contributed to decreased oral intake as a means to minimize stool output. As these patients often require several laparotomies during the initial hospitalization, consideration should be given to performing prophylactic cholecystectomy, especially when the potential mortality and morbidity of emergent cholecystectomy done for symptomatic gallbladder disease is taken into account.