Gallium Complexation, Stability, and Bioconjugation of 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Derived Chelators with Azaheterocyclic Arms.

Abstract

We have recently introduced a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN) based chelating system with additional five-membered azaheterocyclic substituents for complexation of radioactive Cu2+ ions. In this work, we investigated the complexation properties of these novel chelators with Ga3+. In labeling experiments, we could show that the penta- and hexadentate imidazole derivatives NODIA-Me 4 and NOTI-Me 1 can be labeled with 68Ga in specific activities up to ∼30 MBq nmol-1, while the corresponding thiazole derivative NOTThia 2 did not label satisfactorily under identical conditions. NMR studies on the Ga complexes of 1 and the model compound NODIA-Me-NH-Me 5 revealed formation of rigid 1:1 chelates with a slow macrocyclic interconversion and inert Ga-N bonds to the methylimidazole residues on the NMR time scale. The TACN-derived bifunctional chelator NODIA-Me was furthermore conjugated to a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting moiety to give the corresponding bioconjugate NODIA-Me-PSMA 7. Serum stability and ligand challenge experiments of 68Ga-7 confirmed formation of a stable complex for up to 4 h. The remaining coordination site of five-coordinate Ga complexes was found to be occupied by monodentate ligands including hydroxide and chloride anions depending on the conditions. According to density functional theory calculations, coordination of monodentate ligands as well as of the amide group for the bioconjugated ligand are energetically plausible. Finally, the labeled bioconjugate 68Ga-7 exhibited rapid renal clearance in biodistribution studies performed by small animal PET imaging with no indication of transchelation/demetalation in vivo. Altogether, our results provide strong evidence for a stable Ga complexation of our novel TACN-based chelators bearing imidazole arms. Despite the formation of two complexes incorporating different monodentate ligands in vitro, the imidazole type ligands show promise as chelating agents for the future development of gallium based radiopharmaceuticals.