Abstract
BackgroundGalli gigeriae endothelium corneum (GGEC) has been effectively used for centuries for the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD) in clinical practice in Asian countries. However, its potential mechanism and chemical composition remains undertermined.MethodsIn this study, the chemical profile of GGEC ethyl acetate extract (EAE) was evaluated by HPLC-Q-TOF–MS/MS. The effects of EAE on intestinal barrier function and inflammation were investigated in IEC-6 cells and RAW264.7 cells.ResultsThe results showed that 33 compounds were tentatively identified, including 12 soy isoflavones, 7 bile acids for the first time in EAE. EAE significantly reinforced intestinal barrier function via increasing the tight junction protein levels of ZO-1 and Occludin, reducing the mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-challenged IEC-6 cells. The scratch wound assay showed that EAE accelerated wound healing of IEC-6 cells. EAE evidently reduced the level of NO in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 18.12 μg/mL, and the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells.ConclusionThis study revealed the intestinal barrier protective effects and chemical profile of GGEC, and the results indicated that GGEC strengthened the intestinal barrier by up-regulating protein expression of tight junctions and limiting inflammatory responses.
Highlights
Galli gigeriae endothelium corneum (GGEC) has been effectively used for centuries for the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD) in clinical practice in Asian countries
The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for used as a stock solution (10 mg/mL), which was diluted in the medium and added to the cells at different concentrations (The final concentration of DMSO in medium was no more than 0.1%)
Identification of constituents in EAE of GGEC A total of 33 compounds were identified from EAE by HPLC-Q-TOF–MS/MS in the positive/ negative ion mode (Fig. 1)
Summary
Galli gigeriae endothelium corneum (GGEC) has been effectively used for centuries for the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD) in clinical practice in Asian countries. Recent studies have indicated that inhibition of cytokines induces increase in intestinal permeability, resulting in an important protective effect against intestinal epithelial. Li et al Chin Med (2021) 16:22 damage and intestinal inflammation [6]. GGEC is widely used in Asian countries in clinical practice for the treatment of diarrhea, dyspepsia, infantile malnutrition, and mammary gland proliferation, especially in the treatment of children with indigestion [9]. There have been studies on the chemical composition of GGEC, which have mainly focused on macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides [10]. Information on the micro-molecules of GGEC is still limited
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