Abstract
Background: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a galectin-9 and PD-L1 combined blockade in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods: The expression of galectin-9 and PD-L1 was analyzed in PDAC. Furthermore, we explored the therapeutic effect of combined anti-galectin-9 and anti-PD-L1 therapy on pancreatic cancer in vivo. Results: Higher expression of galectin-9 and PD-L1 was observed in human PDAC compared with the normal pancreas. Furthermore, in a murine model of PDAC, combined anti-galectin-9 and anti-PD-L1 treatment was associated with a greater decrease in tumor growth compared with treatment with either antibody therapy alone. Conclusion: Anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment for PDAC patients may be enhanced by inhibiting galectin-9.
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