Abstract
The morphology of galaxies at high redshift ranges from elliptical and spiral to clumpy, including chains, clump clusters, doubles and tadpoles. Clumpy galaxies observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field at redshifts z = 1–5 contain star-forming complexes that are hundreds of times more massive than those forming in local galaxies, reflecting the more turbulent and gas-rich conditions in the early Universe. Numerical simulations suggest that the clumpy phase lasts for about a Gyr, fueled by cold flow accretion; feedback from supernovae does not quench star formation. Bulges and disks build up through coalescence or dispersal of large clumps. Grand design spiral structure first appears in the Universe at about z = 2. Local analogs of high redshift tadpole and clumpy galaxies have high star formation rates but metallicities that are lower in star-forming regions, consistent with ongoing external gas accretion.
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