Abstract
BackgroundCiliary beating by respiratory epithelial cells continuously purges pathogens from the lower airways. Here we investigated the effect of the fungal cell wall polysaccharides Galactomannan (GM) and Zymosan (Zym) on the adrenergic activated particle transport velocity (PTV) of tracheal epithelium.MethodsExperiments were performed using tracheae isolated from male C57BL/6J mice. Transport velocity of the cilia bearing epithelial cells was measured by analysing recorded image sequences. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using Amplex Red reagents. PCR experiments were performed on isolated tracheal epithelium to identify adrenergic receptor mRNA.ResultsThe adrenergic receptors α1D, α2A, β1 and β2 have been identified in isolated tracheal epithelium. We found epinephrine responsible for an increase in PTV, which could only be reduced by selective β-receptor-inhibition. In addition, either GM or Zym prevented the epinephrine induced PTV increase. Furthermore, we observed a strong ROS generation evoked by GM or Zym. However, epinephrine induced increase in PTV recovered in the presence of GM and Zym after application of ROS scavengers.ConclusionBoth GM or Zym trigger reversible ROS generation in tracheal tissue leading to inhibition of the β-adrenergic increase in PTV.
Highlights
The mucociliary apparatus of the lower respiratory tract plays a pivotal role in clearing and protection of airway surface areas from debris, infectious particles and pathogens
We investigated the effect of the fungal cell wall polysaccharides Galactomannan (GM) and Zymosan (Zym) on the adrenergic activated particle transport velocity (PTV) of tracheal epithelium
The adrenergic receptors α1D, α2A, β1 and β2 have been identified in isolated tracheal epithelium
Summary
The mucociliary apparatus of the lower respiratory tract plays a pivotal role in clearing and protection of airway surface areas from debris, infectious particles and pathogens. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which is generated during inflammation, enhances the mucociliary transport via serotonin that is released from epithelial mast cells [13] This mechanism is understood as an early patho-physiological response. We investigated the effect of Galactomannan (GM), a polysaccharide derived from Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall, and Zymosan (Zym) a cell-wall extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [17] on ciliary clearing mechanism Both GM and Zym stimulate innate immune responses [18], their effects onto the function of adrenaline activated tracheal ciliary epithelial cells is still unclear. We investigated the effect of the fungal cell wall polysaccharides Galactomannan (GM) and Zymosan (Zym) on the adrenergic activated particle transport velocity (PTV) of tracheal epithelium
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