Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a type of neurodegenerative diseases. PD influences gait in many aspects: reduced gait speed and step length, increased axial rigidity, and impaired rhythmicity. Gait-related data used in this study are from PhysioNet. Twenty-one PD patients and five healthy controls (CO) were sorted into four groups: PD without task (PDw), PD with dual task (PDd), control without task (COw), and control with dual task (COd). Since dual task actions are attention demanding, either gait or cognitive function may be affected. To quantify the used walking data, eight pressure sensors installed in each insole are used to measure the vertical ground reaction force. Thus, quantitative measurement analysis is performed utilizing multiscale entropy (MSE) and complexity index (CI) to analyze and differentiate between the ground reaction force of the four different groups. Results show that the CI of patients with PD is higher than that of CO and 11 of the sensor signals are statistically significant (p < 0.05). The COd group has larger CI values at the beginning (p = 0.021) but they get lower at the end of the test (p = 0.000) compared to that in the COw group. The end-of-test CI for the PDw group is lower in one of the feet sensor signals, and in the right total ground reaction force compared to the PDd group counterparts. In conclusion, when people start to adjust their gait due to pathology or stress, CI may increase first and reach a peak, but it decreases afterward when stress or pathology is further increased.
Highlights
The four cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability [1]
It can be seen that the proportion of males are higher in PD group
The interesting is that the demographics were not perfectly matched, the gait by open access, so therepart was no control over the significant differences between speed of was still greater than that of
Summary
The four cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability [1]. These symptoms can influence patients’ gait pattern and may lead to gait impairments. People rely upon executive function and the ability to divide attention. Neuroimaging indicated that a dual task highlights the role of a higher level of cognitive and frontal lobe function. If the gait and secondary tasks demand attention, performance of at least one of the tasks will deteriorate. One meta-analysis found that the negative effect of dual tasks is present regardless of the mean level of singletask gait speed in a study. Dual task walking speed deteriorates regardless of the type of dual task [3]
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