Abstract
In diabetes mellitus, the efficient alleviation of hyperglycemia, an elevated glycemic concentration, is quite crucial to avoid persistent complications. Thus, it is of prime importance to have an automated closed-loop insulin delivery system, often termed as an artificial pancreas, in the patient's body. The requisite amount of exogenous insulin bolus must be determined by a control algorithm, which is the primary constituent of the closed-loop system. In this article, a finite-time synergistic control approach, based on a gain-scheduled Luenberger observer (GSLO), is introduced. The proposed control strategy establishes a closed-loop insulin delivery system, which confirms the glycemic regulation that is quite obligatory in type-1 diabetic (T1D) patients. The control law is synthesized by using a recursive backstepping with a sliding mode control (SMC) approach. Besides, the nonlinear terms are incorporated, in the pseudo control inputs, which provide the finite-time convergence of the system's trajectories. Since the proposed control law relies on the system's information, thus, a virtual patient simulator, presented by Bergman minimal model (BMM), is transformed into an equivalent dynamic structure, which facilitates the design of GSLO. The observer's gains, which modify in each iteration, are based on the updated values of the system's states. Also, it endorses the separation principle, thus proving the closed-loop system's stability. The proposed closed-loop insulin delivery system confirms the suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemic events in T1D patients. The efficacy is demonstrated via in-silico testing, which is executed in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an acute metabolic syndrome, which is caused either by the body’s inability to produce insulin or the autoimmune reaction of the body against insulin [1]
The hyperglycemia in sick person existed for a long time span because of the impaired internal glucose regulatory (IGR) system
To acquire the basal plasma glucose concentration (PGC), an automated closed-loop insulin delivery system is obligatory that can mimic the natural behaviour of the IGR system
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an acute metabolic syndrome, which is caused either by the body’s inability to produce insulin or the autoimmune reaction of the body against insulin [1]. This lack of primary glycemic regulator results in hyperglycemic, a prolonged elevated plasma glucose concentration (PGC) [2]–[4]. The plasma glucose excursion across the either side of euglycemic range leads to hyperglycemia (when PGC > 180 mg/dl) or hypoglycemia (when PGC < 50 mg/dl) [5] These extreme glycemic conditions, when existed for a long time, may lead to certain fatal disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, joint diseases, and kidney failure [7], [8]. The insulin injection therapy, which is currently in practice, includes the discrete-time measurement of glycemic concentration and the injection of exogenous insulin bolus into the
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