GAG Layer Replenishment Therapy for Recurrent Infectious Bladder Dysfunction

Abstract

While it may serve functions as a permeability barrier, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer is thought to function as an antibacterial coating for the bladder by retarding the adhesion of pathogens. Further research has confirmed that in patients with diseases involving bladder damage, such as interstitial cystitis and urinary tract infections, the GAG layer is damaged and in some cases may fail to differentiate properly. GAG replacement therapy with intravesical instillations of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate has been shown to be an effective therapeutic option for patients suffering from these conditions. Additionally, these intravesical therapies have been shown to be promising in combination therapy and as a prophylactic treatment option for patients at high risk of urinary tract infections.