Gabaergic and dopaminergic transmission in the rat cerebral cortex: Effect of stress, anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs

Abstract

Benzodiazepines produce their pharmacological effects by regulating the interaction of GABA with its recognition site on the GABA A receptor complex. In fact, the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines may be considered the consequence of the activation of the GABA A receptors induced by these drugs. On the contrary, β-carboline derivatives which bind with high affinity to benzodiazepine recognition sites modulate the GABAergic transmission in a manner opposite to that of benzodiazepines. Thus, these compounds reduce the function of the GABA-coupled chloride channel and produce pharmacological effects (anxiogenic proconvulsant and convulsant) opposite to those of benzodiazepines. Taken together, these data strongly indicate that the GABA A receptor complex plays a major role in the pharmacology, neurochemistry and physiopathology of stress and anxiety. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that the function of the GABA A/benzodiazepine receptor complex may be modified by the emotional state of the animals before sacrifice. Accordingly, using an unstressed animal model, the ‘handling-habituated’ rats, it has been demonstrated that stress, like anxiogenic drugs, decreases the function of GABA A receptor complex, an effect mimicked by the in vivo administration of different inhibitors of GABAergic transmission and antagonized by anxiolyic benzodiazepines. Moreover, a long-lasting down regulation of GABAergic synapses can be obtained after repeated administration of anxiogenic, proconvulsant and convulsant negative of modulators of GABAergic transmission. The latter finding further suggests that GABAergic synapses undergo rapid and persistent plastic changes when the GABAergic transmission is persistently inhibited. Finally, the evidence that the activity of mesocortical dopaminergic pathways is altered in opposite manner by drugs that either inhibit or enhance the GABAergic transmission indicates that GABA has a functional role in regulation of dopaminergic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. Altogether these results suggest that cortical GABAergic and dopaminergic transmission play a major role in the pharmacology, neurochemistry and pathology of the emotional states and fear.