Abstract
Hops contain flavonoids that have sedative and sleep-promoting activities such as α-acid, β-acid, and xanthohumol. In this study, the sleep-enhancing activity of a Saaz–Saphir hops mixture was measured. In the caffeine-induced insomnia model, the administration of a Saaz–Saphir mixture increased the sleep time compared to Saaz or Saphir administration alone, which was attributed to the increase in NREM sleep time by the δ-wave increase. Oral administration of the Saaz–Saphir mixture for 3 weeks increased the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) content in the brain and increased the expression of the GABAA receptor. As the GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline showed a decrease in sleep activity, it was confirmed that the GABAA receptor was involved in the Saaz–Saphir mixture activity. In addition, the GABAA receptor antagonist also reduced the sleep activity induced by xanthohumol and humulone contained in the Saaz–Saphir mixture. Therefore, xanthohumol and humulone contained in the Saaz–Saphir mixture showed sleep-promoting activity mediated by the GABAA receptors. The mixture of the Saaz and Saphir hop varieties may thus help mitigate sleep disturbances compared to other hop varieties.
Highlights
People in modern organizational society deal with excessive stress due to complex interpersonal relationships, heavy workloads, and fatigue
Post the hop active ingredient content analysis, the content of xanthohumol was slightly higher in the Saphir extract than in the Saaz extract, and isoxanthohumol was not detected in the hop extracts (Table 1 and Figure S1)
Since the Saaz–Saphir mixture was in the ratio of 75:25, the active substances of Saphir were lower in concentration compared to that of the Saaz extract in the mixture
Summary
People in modern organizational society deal with excessive stress due to complex interpersonal relationships, heavy workloads, and fatigue. Excessive stress causes psychological instability and disrupts the balance of the autonomic nervous system, which maintains homeostasis, leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hormonal imbalance, and sleep disturbance [1,2,3]. There are many causes of sleep disturbances, such as stress, tension, and anxiety. Benzodiazepine drugs such as benzodiazepine receptor agonists and antidepressants with sedative actions are used to treat these sleep disorders. The use of these sleep-disrupting drugs is not suitable for people experiencing early or temporary sleep disturbances, because tolerance and dependence are formed when these drugs are used for a long time [6,7]. The development of various natural products that can improve sleep disorders with few side effects has progressed
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