GABA neurons in the human prefrontal cortex.

Abstract

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Images in NeuroscienceFull AccessGABA Neurons in the Human Prefrontal CortexTakanori Hashimoto, M.D., Ph.D., David W. Volk, M.D., Ph.D., and David A. Lewis, M.D., Takanori HashimotoSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Ph.D., David W. VolkSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Ph.D., and David A. LewisSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Pittsburgh, Pa.Published Online:22 Dec 2014https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.161.10.1764AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail About 25% of cortical neurons utilize the inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Subclasses of GABA neurons (left panel) differ in their morphological, biochemical, and functional characteristics, indicating that they likely play distinct roles in regulating cortical circuitry. Some GABA neurons (a) provide inhibitory synapses to the cell bodies of nearby excitatory pyramidal neurons (Py) and to their initial axon segments; these appear to be positioned to regulate the firing of pyramidal neurons. OtherGABA neurons (b) provide inhibitory synapses to the distal portions of pyramidal neuron dendrites, where they modulate neighboring excitatory inputs to pyramidal neurons. The synapses of a third group of GABA neurons (c) provide inhibitory inputs to other GABA neurons, resulting in a downstream “disinhibition” of pyramidal neurons. These three subclasses of GABA neurons express different calcium-binding proteins. The (a) type of GABA neurons express parvalbumin (PV), whereas the (b) and (c) types of GABA neurons express calretinin (CR). The cell type-specific expression of parvalbumin and calretinin make it possible to use the expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding each protein to study the involvement of different subclasses of GABA neurons in brain diseases. As illustrated in the center panels, contiguous sections of normal human brain tissue from Brodmann’s area 9 were processed for in situ hybridization to detect the messenger RNA for GAD67 (an enzyme that synthesizes GABA), parvalbumin, and calretinin. GAD67 mRNA is expressed by all GABA neurons that are principally found in cortical layers II-VI, but not in the subjacent white matter (WM). Parvalbumin and calretinin mRNA are expressed selectively in subpopulations of GABA neurons, and these have different distributions across the cortical layers. The right series of panels illustrates changes in mRNA expression for these proteins in the same cortical region in subjects with schizophrenia. GAD67 mRNA expression is decreased, suggesting altered prefrontal GABA-mediated neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Furthermore, the expression of parvalbumin mRNA is decreased, whereas the expression of calretinin mRNA is unchanged. These findings, as a group, suggest that prefrontal GABA neurons regulating pyramidal neuron firing are more prominently affected in schizophrenia than are other subpopulations of GABA neurons. Dysregulation of pyramidal neuron firing may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.Address reprint requests to Dr. Tamminga, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., #NC5.914, Dallas, TX 75390-9070; [email protected] (e-mail). Figure. GABA Neurons in the Human Prefrontal Cortex FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByUnique gene alterations are induced in FACS-purified Fos-positive neurons activated during cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking21 November 2012 | Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 124, No. 1Selective epigenetic alteration of layer I GABAergic neurons isolated from prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients using laser-assisted microdissection30 January 2007 | Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 12, No. 4NeuroReport, Vol. 17, No. 6The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Vol. 490, No. 3 Volume 161Issue 10 October 2004Pages 1764-1764 Metrics PDF download History Published online 22 December 2014 Published in print 1 October 2004