Abstract

Two high-frequency CMOS injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) are realized by <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\pi$</tex> </formula> -type LC networks. The frequency enhancement analysis and design considerations for the both ILFDs are given. The effects of vias and interconnections on the inductance and quality factor are also discussed. Both ILFDs have been fabricated in 65 nm CMOS process. The measured locking ranges of these two ILFDs are 182.7–185.7 GHz and 192.4–194.06 GHz, respectively.

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