Fuzzy-Set Analysis of Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Activity: A Configurational Approach

Abstract

This paper explores differences in entrepreneurial activity for males and females across 40 countries. We build on research grounded in institutional theory and behavioral economics and suggest a configurational approach. In doing so, we draw attention to how effects of different causal conditions leading to high levels of entrepreneurial activity are interdependent, such that the effectiveness of any one factor may be dependent upon the presence or absence of another particular factor. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we demonstrate that no one causal element is sufficient for promoting entrepreneurial activity, instead macro-level business environment formal institutions, informal national culture and micro-level attributes of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and opportunity recognition work together to create combinations of conditions that lead to high levels of entrepreneurial activity amongst males and females. This underscores that rather than one best way to promote entrepreneurial a...