Fuzzy topology on RNA shapes

Abstract

The understanding of how genotypes relate to phenotypes is crucial for unravelling the mechanisms of evolution. A fundamental aspect of this relationship lies in the genotype–phenotype mapping, which provides insights into the changes observed in phenotypes corresponding to alterations in genotypes. From a mathematical perspective, the concept of continuity proves invaluable in comprehending such transformations. However, the presence of uncertainty necessitates the utilization of the fuzzy concept as an ideal tool to discuss these changes effectively. Specifically, when considering RNA sequences and their mutations, the genotype space exhibits a topological structure in a fuzzy setting. As a result, the phenotype space, comprised of RNA shapes, can also be endowed with a fuzzy topological structure. This paper explores the fuzzy accessibility of RNA shapes, which enables fuzzy continuous genotype–phenotype mapping. By employing fuzzy techniques, we aim to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between genotypes–phenotypes mapping.