Abstract
During the past decade the focus of research in systems theory has shifted increasingly toward the analysis of large-scale systems in which human judgment, perception, and emotions play an important role. Such humanistic systems are typified by socioeconomic systems, transportation systems, environmental control systems, food production systems, education systems, health care-delivery systems, criminal justice systems, information dissemination systems, and the like. The growing involvement of systems theorists in the analysis of large-scale systems—a trend that became discernible in the early sixties (Zadeh, 1962)—is a logical consequence of two concurrent developments: (1) the increasing interdependence of all sectors of modern industrial society and (2) the advent of powerful computers that make it possible to quantify, simulate, and analyze the behavior of systems involving hundreds and even thousands of interrelated variables.
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