Abstract
Nowadays, bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in adults and the second most frequent urogenital tumor. Predicting recurrence and progression of superficial bladder tumors, with available clinical information to decide the therapy to be used is a difficult task. In this work, two mathematical models were developed to help specialists on the decision process. The mathematical tool used to formulate the model was the fuzzy sets theory, due to its capacity in dealing with uncertainties inherent in medical concepts. In the first model, Stage, Grade and Size of the tumor were also considered input variables and Risk of Recurrence of a superficial bladder tumor as output variable of the first Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems (FRBS). In the second model, in addition to the Stage, Grade and Size of the tumor, it was also considered as input variable of a second FRBS Carcinoma in situ and, the Risk of Progression of superficial tumors as an output variable. For each model, simulations were made with data originated from of patients of the Clinics Hospital/ UNICAMP and A. C. Camargo Hospital of Sao Paulo, with the aim to verify the reliability of results generated by the two systems. From a database and the possibility found by FRBS, after the possibility-probability transformation, we can generate the real probability of each fuzzy output set.
Highlights
In addition to the Stage, Grade and Size of the tumor, it was considered as input variable of a second Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems (FRBS) Carcinoma in situ and, the Risk of Progression of superficial tumors as an output variable
Superficial bladder tumors account for about 70% of cases, being that more than 80% remain confined to the mucosa or submucosa
Stage, Grade and Size of tumor were considered input variables and Risk of Recurrence of a superficial bladder tumor as output variable of the first Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems (FRBS), that is, the possibility of a bladder tumor recurrence that was in the Ta or T1 stage
Summary
Cancer is a serious public health problem in developed and developing countries, accounting for more than six million deaths every year, and represents. Bladder cancer is the second most common tumor of the urinary tract, being preceded only by prostate cancer [1]. Depending on the depth of invasion of the tumor in the bladder wall, the cancer is divided into superficial and invasive. The cancer is limited to a superficial tissue layer that lines the bladder invasive urothelial called while already penetrated at least the muscular layer of the bladder wall. The histological degree is classified either as low (when there are well differentiated cells which are less aggressive and rarely shows some progress) or high degree (when there are few differentiated cells, which, are higher chance of recurrence, and are more aggressive). About 70% of the cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed initially as superficial disease [1]. Superficial bladder tumors account for about 70% of cases, being that more than 80% remain confined to the mucosa or submucosa. A combination of different therapies including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or immunotherapy can be used to fight bladder cancer
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