Abstract
The looming problem of resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms is a global health concern. The drug-resistant microorganisms originating from anthropogenic sources and commercial livestock farming have posed serious environmental and health challenges. Antibiotic-resistant genes constituting the environmental “resistome” get transferred to human and veterinary pathogens. Hence, deciphering the origin, mechanism and extreme of transfer of these genetic factors into pathogens is extremely important to develop not only the therapeutic interventions to curtail the infections, but also the strategies to avert the menace of microbial drug-resistance. Clinicians, researchers and policymakers should jointly come up to develop the strategies to prevent superfluous exposure of pathogens to antibiotics in non-clinical settings. This article highlights the present scenario of increasing antimicrobial-resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the clinical importance of unconventional or non-antibiotic therapies to thwart the infectious pathogenic microorganisms.
Highlights
Discovery of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases had a phenomenal impact on human and animal health since 1940s
This indicates that to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), antimicrobial stewardship should be limited to the hospitals, but it is necessary to the primary care system including prescribers and interventions (OECD, 2019)
GUT MICROBIOTA AS A RESERVOIR FOR ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT GENES (ARGs) reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and to plot their route of transmission to humans, modern technological tools such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomics should be used
Summary
Discovery of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases had a phenomenal impact on human and animal health since 1940s. Haphazard use of antibiotics and disinfectants has led to unprecedented health problems worldwide. This condition had its origin when microorganisms started developing genes that provide resistance toward residual antibiotics. Non-antibiotic Therapies Against Drug-Resistance Infections augment the survival of pathogens in multiple environments, which limit the treatment options for infectious diseases, and increase the morbidity and mortality by disseminating multiple drug resistant bacteria in human and animal. Lack of awareness about drug-resistant bacteria among the public, high incidence of diseases, easy availability of antibiotics and their haphazard use are the major factors aggravating the problem. We have highlighted the salient features of supplemental non-antibiotic therapies such as mesenchymal stem cell–derived AMPs, bacterial films and quorum-sensing inhibitors, immunotherapeutic, FMT and microbial or probioticbased treatments
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