Abstract
Over centuries, the field of regenerative skin tissue engineering has had several advancements to facilitate faster wound healing and thereby restoration of skin. Skin tissue regeneration is mainly based on the use of suitable scaffold matrices. There are several scaffold types, such as porous, fibrous, microsphere, hydrogel, composite and acellular, etc., with discrete advantages and disadvantages. These scaffolds are either made up of highly biocompatible natural biomaterials, such as collagen, chitosan, etc., or synthetic materials, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG), etc. Composite scaffolds, which are a combination of natural or synthetic biomaterials, are highly biocompatible with improved tensile strength for effective skin tissue regeneration. Appropriate knowledge of the properties, advantages and disadvantages of various biomaterials and scaffolds will accelerate the production of suitable scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration applications. At the same time, emphasis on some of the leading challenges in the field of skin tissue engineering, such as cell interaction with scaffolds, faster cellular proliferation/differentiation, and vascularization of engineered tissues, is inevitable. In this review, we discuss various types of scaffolding approaches and biomaterials used in the field of skin tissue engineering and more importantly their future prospects in skin tissue regeneration efforts.
Highlights
IntroductionWounds are defined as disruption of any tissue or cellular integrity due to mechanical, physical or metabolism (mainly due to diabetes mellitus) related injuries
Wounds are defined as disruption of any tissue or cellular integrity due to mechanical, physical or metabolism related injuries
Wound healing is a stepwise process which includes (1) an inflammatory stage characterized by macrophage or leucocytes infiltration and cytokine production; (2) a proliferative phase which includes removal of damaged tissue and formation of granulation tissue in the wound; (3) a maturation phase wherein extracellular matrix produced by the proliferative tissue becomes well-defined; and (4) the formation of scar tissue indicating the completion of the wound healing process [1,2]
Summary
Wounds are defined as disruption of any tissue or cellular integrity due to mechanical, physical or metabolism (mainly due to diabetes mellitus) related injuries. Such bioengineered skin substitutes repair the wounds, and have various supplements, such as growth factors, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs which eventually fasten the wound healing process To engineer these substitutes, various scaffold matrices have been developed to promote cell growth in 3D structure. Various scaffold matrices have been developed to promote cell growth in 3D structure Such scaffolds are highly biocompatible with skin tissue and biodegradable in nature, acting as suitable dressing material for wound healing. As per the sophisticated definition of tissue engineering described at a National Science foundation workshop, scaffolds are the best materials for restoring, maintaining and improving tissue function [10] They play a unique role in repair and more importantly regeneration of tissues by providing a suitable platform, permitting essential supply of various factors associated with survival, proliferation and differentiation of cells [5,11]. Monoonmomeerrmmiixxttuurree ooff aappoolylymmereircicsosloultuiotnio, fno,rfeoxraemxpalme,pploel,ypetohlyyleetnheylene glycol, poly-caprolactone, chitosan, cellulose, etc., are mixed with the skin cells, such as keratinocytes glycoaln, dpofilbyr-ocbalparsotslatcotogennee,rcahteitoinsjaecnt,acbelelluhylodsreo,geetlcs.,atartheemwixoeudndwsiitthesthtoe fsakciinlitcaetellsw,osuuncdh haesaklienrgatainndocytes and fiskbirnorbelgaesntsertaotiogne.nerate injectable hydrogels at the wound sites to facilitate wound healing and skin regeneration
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