Abstract
In 2013, the air shower simulation model CORSIKA had a major release opening new windows in term of uncertainty due to hadronic interaction models and of simulation time. On the one hand, the two hadronic models EPOS and QGSJETII were updated taking into account new LHC data. As a consequence the uncertainties in air shower observables were reduced by about a factor of 2 at the highest energies. On the second hand, two new possibilites of running CORSIKA were introduced: either in a parallel mode on big CPU clusters allowing the simulation of unthinned showers in a reasonable time, or using cascade equations to reduce the simulation time by about of factor of 10 on a single CPU. All these improvements will be presented.
Highlights
The experimental method of studying ultra-high energy cosmic rays is an indirect one
If the models converge to a similar elongation rate, it will allow us to have a more precise idea on possible changes in composition at the “ankle” for instance where the PAO measured a break in the elongation rate of the data
Concerning the predictions of EPOS Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the number of muons is very similar to the one in EPOS 1.99 because of the leading baryon production compensating the reduction ofaryon production at mid-rapidity
Summary
The experimental method of studying ultra-high energy cosmic rays is an indirect one. An alternative procedure was developed to describe EAS development numerically, based on the solution of the corresponding cascade equations (CE) Combining this with an explicit MC simulation of the most energetic part of an EAS allows us to obtain accurate results both for average EAS characteristics and for their fluctuations in the CONEX program [2]. Since 2009, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) provides a lot of very precise data which have been used to improve two of the hadronic models used for air shower simulations: EPOS [3] and QGSJETII [4]. We will compare the results of the newly available hadronic interaction models, EPOS LHC and QGSJETII-04 with LHC data for the main observables relevant for air shower development. Using detailed Monte Carlo simulations done with these air shower simulation models, the new predictions for Xmax and for the number of muons and missing energy will be presented
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