Abstract
Immunotherapy potentiates a patient’s immune response against some forms of cancer, including malignant tumors. In this Special Report, we have summarized the use of nanoparticles that have been designed for use in cancer immunotherapy with particular emphasis on plant viruses. Plant virus-based nanoparticles are an ideal choice for therapeutic applications, as these nanoparticles are not only capable of targeting the desired cells but also of being safely delivered to the body without posing any threat of infection. Plant viruses can be taken up by tumor cells and can be functionalized as drug delivery vehicles. This Special Report describes how the future of cancer immunotherapy could be a success through the merger of computer-based technology using plant-virus nanoparticles.
Highlights
Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript
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Summary
Plant nanoparticles may be coated with complement, neutralizing antibodies and other immune proteins that can associate and form a corona around the nanoparticle, directing it for clearance before it even reaches the target tissue. Czapar et al, [30] found that CPMV-G4 (CPMV and polyamidoamine generation 4 dendrimer) molecules are capable of forming aggregates that are based on both salt concentration as well as electrostatic interactions These properties facilitate CPMV formulations to be tailored for different durations of nanoparticle release. Like TMV and CPMV, SeMV NPs interact predominantly with vimentin, exposed on the surface of mammalian cells. Tumor cells exhibit increased amounts of surface vimentin Icosahedral viruses such as CPMV and SeMV become internalized into mammalian cells through the endocytosis pathway, and blocking studies using antibodies specific to vimentin illustrated that this surface protein is important for plant virus internalization (Vardhan et al, 2018). Alemzadeh et al, [33] have successfully demonstrated loading and delivery of the drug doxorubicin (Dox) using VLPs of Johnson grass future science group www.future-science.com
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