Abstract
This chapter describes how bovine amniotic membrane could be indicated for wound healing, especially in complex surgery such as urethral reconstruction. Chemical studies have assessed both histologically and immunohistochemically that bovine amniotic membrane creates scaffold for wound healing. Whereas, clinical studies have shown that bovine amniotic membrane property could be substituted for wound dressing hence improving skin or mucosal integrity. Bovine membrane has been known to be used for many specialties such as ocular surgery, neurosurgery, maxillofacial and orthopedic surgery. This chapter includes such studies and shows the usage possibility of bovine amniotic membrane for other complex defect as shown in urethral reconstruction.
Highlights
Fetal development in mammals is a complex pathway which occurs after prenatal embryonic development [1]
Fetal development system is achieved by meticulous interactions consisting in umbilical cord, amniotic fluid and placenta
A study by Jeong et al showed that increased expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase enhanced the activation of Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and invasion and migration of endhotelial cells which affect the induction of capillary tube formation [40]
Summary
Fetal development in mammals is a complex pathway which occurs after prenatal embryonic development [1]. Toda et al mentions that amnion holds pluripotent differentiation ability with low immunogenicity and anti-inflammation property [5] These properties creates opportunities and interest on the use of amniotic membrane for regenerative medicine. The epithelium changes from a single layer of flattened, squamous cell containing conspicuous cytoplasmic organelles into single or multi-layered cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli. This epithelium is further supported by a basement membrane rich in collagen. Epithelial cell in amniotic membrane secretes several growth factors and cytokines such as epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factors alpha and beta (TGF-a and TGF-b), interleukin-8 (IL-8), angiogenin, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26), serine protease inhibitor (serpin) E1, known as type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and insulin-like growth factors [3, 13–16]
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