Fusion Peptides Promote Formation of Bilayer Cubic Phases in Lipid Dispersions. An X-Ray Diffraction Study

Abstract

Small angle x-ray diffraction revealed a strong influence of the N-terminal influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide on the formation of nonlamellar lipid phases. Comparative measurements were made on a series of three peptides, a 20-residue wild-type X-31 influenza virus fusion peptide, GLFGAIAGFIENGWEGMIDG, and its two point-mutant, fusion-incompetent peptides G1E and G13L, in mixtures with hydrated phospholipids, either dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPoPE), or monomethylated dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE-Me), at lipid/peptide molar ratios of 200:1 and 50:1. All three peptides suppressed the HII phase and shifted the Lα–HII transition to higher temperatures, simultaneously promoting formation of inverted bicontinuous cubic phases, QII, which becomes inserted between the Lα and HII phases on the temperature scale. Peptide-induced QII had strongly reduced lattice constants in comparison to the QII phases that form in pure lipids. QII formation was favored at the expense of both Lα and HII phases. The wild-type fusion peptide, WT-20, was distinguished from G1E and G13L by the markedly greater magnitude of its effect. WT-20 disordered the Lα phase and completely abolished the HII phase in DOPE-Me/WT-20 50:1 dispersions, converted the QII phase type from Im3m to Pn3m and reduced the unit cell size from ∼38 nm for the Im3m phase of DOPE-Me dispersions to ∼15 nm for the Pn3m phase in DOPE-Me/WT-20 peptide mixtures. The strong reduction of the cubic phase lattice parameter suggests that the fusion-promoting WT-20 peptide may function by favoring bilayer states of more negative Gaussian curvature and promoting fusion along pathways involving Pn3m phase-like fusion pore intermediates rather than pathways involving HII phase-like intermediates.