Further Observations of the Tilted Planet XO-3: A New Determination of Spin–Orbit Misalignment, and Limits on Differential Rotation

Abstract

Abstract We report on observations of the Rossiter–McLaughlin (RM) effect for the XO-3 exoplanetary system. The RM effect for the system was previously measured by two different groups, but their results were statistically inconsistent. To obtain a decisive result, we observed two full transits of XO-3b with the Subaru 8.2-m telescope. By modeling these data with a new and more accurate analytic formula for the RM effect, we found the projected spin–orbit angle to be ${\lambda}$$=$ 37$^\circ\!\!\!.$3$\ \pm\ $3$^\circ\!\!\!.$0, in good agreement with a previous finding by Winn et al. (2009) (2009 ApJ, 700, 302). In addition, an offset of $\sim\ $22 m s$^{-1}$ was observed between the two transit datasets. This offset could be a signal of a third body in the XO-3 system, a possibility that should be checked with future observations. We also attempted to search for a possible signature of the stellar differential rotation in the RM data for the first time, and put weak upper limits on the differential rotation parameters.