Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at a rapid pace. With everyday applications and services becoming wirelessly networked, security still is a major concern. Many of these sensors and devices have limitations, such as low power consumption, reduced memory storage, and reduced fixed point processing capabilities. Therefore, it is imperative that high-performance security primitives are used to maximize the lifetime of these devices while minimally impacting memory storage and timing requirements. Previous work presented a residue number system (RNS)-based pseudorandom number generator (PRNG)-based key derivation function (KDF) (PKDF) that showed good initial energy-efficient performance for the IoT devices. This paper provides additional analysis on the PRNG-based security and draws a comparison to a current industry-standard KDF. Subsequently, embedded software implementations were performed on an MSP430 and MSP432 and compared with the transport layer security (TLS) 1.3 hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) key derivation function (HKDF); these results demonstrate substantial computational savings for the PKDF approach, while both pass the NIST randomness quality tests. Finally, hardware translation for the PKDF is evaluated through the Mathworks’ HDL Coder toolchain and mapping for throughput and die area approximation on an Intel® Arria 10 FPGA.
Highlights
The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly and expanding into many areas that recently did not have Internet capabilities such as manufacturing, infrastructures, vehicles, aircraft, and healthcare
COMPARISON TO TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 1.3 HKDF To support a deeper comparison to the existing state-of-theart for KDF techniques, we considered comparisons with the previously mentioned HKDF, which is the key derivation function planned for implementation in Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 [8]
The PKDF passed when a master key (MK) was balanced in terms of equal numbers of 1s and 0s, but even with a single bit flip, the law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) test showed that the sequence variance shifted beyond the passable bounds
Summary
The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly and expanding into many areas that recently did not have Internet capabilities such as manufacturing, infrastructures, vehicles, aircraft, and healthcare. The work presented in this paper expands upon a previous pseudorandom number generator (PRNG)-based key derivation function (PKDF) developed in [1]. Since there were no true side-by-side performance comparisons of the PKDF with any other KDF, software implementations of the PKDF and the hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) key derivation function (HKDF) [5] on two platforms: MSP430FR5994 [6] and MSP432P401R [7]. This additional analysis supports the overall goal: establish lowpower security that can improve existing size, weight, and power (SWaP)-constrained IoT solutions.
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