Abstract
Abstract This chapter provides information needed for the solution of furnace engineering problems in areas of design, performance analysis, construction and operating cost estimates, and improvement programs. The modern industrial furnace design has evolved from a rectangular or cylindrical enclosure, built up of refractory shapes and held together by a structural steel binding. Heat may be transmitted in industrial furnaces by radiation—gas radiation from combustion gases to furnace walls or direct to load and solid‐state radiation from walls, radiant tubes, or electric heating elements to load—or by convection—from combustion gases to walls or load. In fuel‐fired furnaces, a fraction of the energy from combustion leaves the combustion chamber as sensible heat in waste gases and the latent heat of evaporation for any water vapor content resulting from the combustion of hydrogen. Heating times for furnace loads, loading patterns, and time‐temperature cycles can be calculated from data on radiation and non‐steady‐state conduction.
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