Abstract
Fungi are well-known for their abundant supply of metabolites with unrivaled structure and promising bioactivities. Naphthalenones are among these fungal metabolites, that are biosynthesized through the 1,8-dihydroxy-naphthalene polyketide pathway. They revealed a wide spectrum of bioactivities, including phytotoxic, neuro-protective, cytotoxic, antiviral, nematocidal, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. The current review emphasizes the reported naphthalenone derivatives produced by various fungal species, including their sources, structures, biosynthesis, and bioactivities in the period from 1972 to 2021. Overall, more than 167 references with 159 metabolites are listed.
Highlights
Fungi are the second-biggest group of organisms after insects [1]
Naphtalenones are among the naphthalene derivatives produced by fungi that are strictly related to napthoquinones and involved in the branched pathway of fungal DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene)-melanin biosynthesis [21,22]
They belong to a group of renowned phytotoxins produced by various crop and forest plants pathogenic fungi [22,23,24]
Summary
Fungi are the second-biggest group of organisms after insects [1]. Many fungal species have a wide range of biotechnological and industrial potential [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Naphtalenones are among the naphthalene derivatives produced by fungi that are strictly related to napthoquinones and involved in the branched pathway of fungal DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene)-melanin biosynthesis [21,22]. They belong to a group of renowned phytotoxins produced by various crop and forest plants pathogenic fungi [22,23,24]. This review aims at giving an overview of reported fungal naphthalenone derivatives, their structures, sources, biosynthesis, and bioactivities in the period from 1972 until 2021 (Supplementary Material Tables S1 and S2). Naphthalenones have been inferred to be biosynthesized in melanin-forming fungi from DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene) as precursors via acetogenic pathway (Scheme 1) These metabolites have a role in fungal melanin biosynthesis.
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