Abstract
Laccases are copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in many fungi. They have received increasing research attention because of their broad substrate specificity and applicability in industrial processes, such as pulp delignification, textile bleaching, phenolic removal, and biosensors. In comparison with traditional submerged fermentation (SF), solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a simpler technique for laccase production and has many advantages, including higher productivity, efficiency, and enzyme stability as well as reduced production costs and environmental pollution. Here, we review recent advances in laccase production technology, with focus on the following areas: (i) Characteristics and advantages of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes used as SSF substrates of laccase production, including detailed suggestions for the selection of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes; (ii) Comparison of fungal laccase production from lignocellulosic substrates by either SSF or SF; (iii) Fungal performance and strain screening in laccase production from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes by SSF; (iv) Applications of laccase production under SSF; and (v) Suggestions and avenues for future studies of laccase production by fungal SSF with lignocellulosic materials and its applications.
Highlights
IntroductionLaccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes with the ability to oxidize a broad range of structurally differing substrates (e.g., monophenols, polyphenols, aminophenols, methoxyphenols, aromatic amines) along with the simultaneous reduction of molecular oxygen to water [1,2]
Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes with the ability to oxidize a broad range of structurally differing substrates along with the simultaneous reduction of molecular oxygen to water [1,2]
It was reported that the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in lignocellulosic agricultural waste was less than 40% after laccase production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) [48]
Summary
Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes with the ability to oxidize a broad range of structurally differing substrates (e.g., monophenols, polyphenols, aminophenols, methoxyphenols, aromatic amines) along with the simultaneous reduction of molecular oxygen to water [1,2]. Laccases display broad substrate specificity and are applied in many industrial and environmental technology areas, including in textile effluents (decolorization, detoxification), paper production (biobleaching, biopulping), and biopharmaceuticals (transformation of antibiotics, steroids) [4,5,6] Their ability to remove xenobiotic substances and generate polymeric products makes them useful in bioremediation processes [7,8]. We review the recent status of laccase production technology using lignocellulosic agricultural wastes by fungal SSF, including characteristics and selection of substrates, comparison of SSF and SF in laccase production, screening of fungal strains, and potential applications of laccase production by SSF
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