Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors involved in transducing signals from the external environment inside the cell, which enables fungi to coordinate cell transport, metabolism, and growth to promote their survival, reproduction, and virulence. There are 14 classes of GPCRs in fungi involved in sensing various ligands. In this paper, the synthesis of mycotoxins that are GPCR-mediated is discussed with respect to ligands, environmental stimuli, and intra-/interspecific communication. Despite their apparent importance in fungal biology, very little is known about the role of ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by Aspergillus ochraceus and the ligands that are involved. Fortunately, increasing evidence shows that the GPCR that involves the AF/ST (sterigmatocystin) pathway in fungi belongs to the same genus. Therefore, we speculate that GPCRs play an important role in a variety of environmental signals and downstream pathways in OTA biosynthesis. The verification of this inference will result in a more controllable GPCR target for control of fungal contamination in the future.
Highlights
Ochratoxin A (OTA), which is a type of mycotoxin produced mainly by various Aspergillus and Penicillium species (Frisvad et al, 2019), was classified as a group IIB carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (International Agency For Research On Cancer, 1993)
Overexpression of gprK significantly activated toxin in the biosynthesis-related cAMPPKA pathway, activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway, which partially regulates the expression of genes that code for catalase and superoxide dismutase and, indirectly affects secondary metabolism
In cultures supplemented with glucose and tryptophan, the deletion of gprH caused a decrease in cAMPPKA activity under stress conditions (Brown et al, 2015), which suggested that a single G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interacted with multiple ligands
Summary
Ochratoxin A (OTA), which is a type of mycotoxin produced mainly by various Aspergillus and Penicillium species (Frisvad et al, 2019), was classified as a group IIB carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (International Agency For Research On Cancer, 1993). A variety of GPCRs relates to OTA biosynthesis, which involves a wide range of environmental signals and downstream pathways (Figure 1) Because of their cell surface location and central mediating role, GPCRs are specific targets to control the biosynthesis of fungal toxins and to intervene in fungal disease and mycotoxin contamination. G-protein signaling pathways play a vital role in sensing external ligands, which include nutrients, hormones, proteins, and peptides (including pheromones), ions, hydrophobic surfaces, and light (Kochman, 2014) This enable fungi to coordinate function, metabolism, and development that, in turn, promotes their survival, propagation, and virulence (Van Dijck et al, 2017). Deletion of Gpr and/or Gpa affected a variety of physiological events
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