Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most important pest on soybean, a major crop worldwide. The SCN is considered both parasitic and pathogenic as it derives nutrition from the host and manipulates host physiology to do so. Currently, there are no commercially available chemicals that are specific, environmentally safe and cost effective to control SCN levels. Crop rotation, use of host resistance and other cultural practices remain the main management strategies. The need for bioprospecting other methods of controlling SCN is paramount, and fungi show promise in that respect. Several studies have evaluated fungi and fungal products as biocontrol options against plant-parasitic nematodes. This review discusses fungal genera isolated from the SCN with potential for use as biocontrol agents and the effects of their secondary metabolites on various stages of SCN development. The review also summarizes efforts to control SCN using soil amendments that could potentially impact fungal communities in the soil.
Highlights
Soybean cyst nematode, soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Biocontrol, Biological control, Fungi, Fungal metabolites, Mycobiome, Heterodera spp., Heterodera glycines, Review
In the absence of effective chemical control methods, screening and selecting good biocontrol agents that can thrive in several soils and effect biocontrol will complement the cultural practices already in place
It is noteworthy that a majority of culturable fungi for the SCN belong to the order Hypocreales and the family Nectriaceae, and their presence in all SCN soybean fields studied indicates possible soybean-SCN-fungal tripartite interactions and co-evolution between these organisms
Summary
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Morgan-Jones et al, 1981; Gintis et al, 1982, 1983; Carris et al, 1989; Chen et al, 1994; Bernard et al, 1996; Chen and Chen, 2002; Haarith et al, 2019). Fungi have been isolated from SCN cysts and eggs, identified, and tested for the effects of their culture filtrates on nematode morphology and physiology. Culture broth was screened for ability to curb egg hatch and mobility of both SCN and RKN and subsequently flavipin was purified and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be the active ingredient This pilot study revealed that the compound had good results in vitro while greenhouse assays showed no difference from the control as bioavailability of this compound in soil environment needs to be investigated (Nitao et al, 2002). Greenhouse studies on bioavailability and specificity, followed by in vitro studies of human and animal toxicity of these compounds are important steps, and are yet to be reported
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