Abstract
This review, covering the literature from 1966 to the present (2020), describes naturally occurring fungal bioactive anthraquinones and analogues biosynthesized by the acetate route and concerning several different functionalized carbon skeletons. Hydrocarbons, lipids, sterols, esters, fatty acids, derivatives of amino acids, and aromatic compounds are metabolites belonging to other different classes of natural compounds and are generated by the same biosynthetic route. All of them are produced by plant, microorganisms, and marine organisms. The biological activities of anthraquinones and analogues comprise phytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antitumor, algicide, antifungal, enzyme inhibiting, immunostimulant, antiplatelet aggregation, cytotoxic, and antiplasmodium activities. The review also covers some practical industrial applications of anthraquinones.
Highlights
Anthraquinones are a group of natural compounds with a plethora of biological activities and potential practical applications
This review, covering the literature from 1966 to the present (2020), describes naturally occurring fungal bioactive anthraquinones and analogues biosynthesized by the acetate route and concerning several different functionalized carbon skeletons
They are acetate-derivative metabolites biosynthesized starting from a polyketide containing eight C2 units, which generates in turn with three aldol type condensations the carbon skeleton of anthraquinones except for the two carbonyl oxygens of the central ring
Summary
Anthraquinones are a group of natural compounds with a plethora of biological activities and potential practical applications. Most of them are produced by plant and micro-organisms among the living organisms [1,2] They are acetate-derivative metabolites biosynthesized starting from a polyketide containing eight C2 units, which generates in turn with three aldol type condensations the carbon skeleton of anthraquinones except for the two carbonyl oxygens of the central ring. 1966 to the the industrial application of anthraquinones in a different field essentially as natural dyes This part is present day focusing on their sources, structures, and biological activities. The second section treats focused on the comparison between natural and synthetic anthraquinone based dyes, their chemical the industrial application of anthraquinones in a different field essentially as natural dyes This part derivatization and the natural advanced methods used in the treatment of the relative is focused on and the classification, comparison between and synthetic anthraquinone based dyes, their industrial wastewater to avoid severe negative environmental pollution.
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