Abstract
Endophytes are symbiotic microorganisms that colonize plant tissues and benefit plants in multiple ways including induced systemic resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Endophytes can be sustainable alternatives to chemical nematicides and enhance plant health in a variety of cropping and natural environments. Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the potential of multiple species of Fusarium and Bacillus against plant-parasitic nematodes in horticultural, agricultural, and fodder crops and in forestry. While there were efforts to commercialize some of the endophytes as bionematicides, a lack of good formulations with consistent field efficacy has been a major hurdle in commercializing endophytes for nematode control. Identification of efficacious and environmentally resilient strains, a thorough understanding of their modes of action, interactions with various biotic and abiotic factors, and developing strategies that improve their effectiveness are critical areas to advance the commercialization of bionematicides based on fungal and bacterial endophytes.
Highlights
Bionematicides based on the fungi P. chlamydosporia, P. lilacinum, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Trichoderma spp., and Verticillium spp., and bacteria P. fluorescens, P. penetrans, and Bacillus spp. have been used in many cropping systems including lettuce-tomato, tomato-carrot, potato, common bean, tomato, cucumber, snapdragon, wheat and sugarcane [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. While these bacteria and fungi appear to be effective in Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) suppression, there is an increased interest to explore endophytes as bionematicides especially for sedentary PPN because both of them colonize the same plant tissues and the former have a better chance of suppressing the latter [20]
This review provides an overview of bacterial and fungal endophytes as potential bionematicides, and the challenges and opportunities in associated with their commercialization
While the endophytism is a common phenomenon studied for a long time, the impact of endophytes on pests including PPN is a new area of scientific interest due to the demand for environmentally sustainable agricultural practices
Summary
Bionematicides based on the fungi P. chlamydosporia, P. lilacinum, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Trichoderma spp., and Verticillium spp., and bacteria P. fluorescens, P. penetrans, and Bacillus spp. have been used in many cropping systems including lettuce-tomato, tomato-carrot, potato, common bean, tomato, cucumber, snapdragon, wheat and sugarcane [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] While these bacteria and fungi appear to be effective in PPN suppression, there is an increased interest to explore endophytes as bionematicides especially for sedentary PPN because both of them colonize the same plant tissues and the former have a better chance of suppressing the latter [20]. This review provides an overview of bacterial and fungal endophytes as potential bionematicides, and the challenges and opportunities in associated with their commercialization
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