Fundamentals, recent applications, and perspectives of 3D printing in sample preparation approaches

Abstract

3D-printed gadgets and materials improve the sample preparation in analytical workflows, facilitate the development of customized strategies and provide novel perspectives in this field. In the context of 3D printing for sample preparation, developments and applications are expanding. According to Web of Science database, a total of 56 manuscripts involving 3D printing in sample preparation have been reported since 2015, and the number of annual publications increased from 5 (2015) to 11 (2023) which highlights the possibilities offered by the technology in analytical sample preparation. Therefore, this critical review focuses on discussing some fundamentals of the main strategies of 3D printing capable of being exploited in sample preparation techniques. Additionally, recent applications in sample preparation, especially reported in the last five years, that utilize 3D printing are mentioned and discussed. Finally, prospects and avenues to explore the potential of this versatile tool in sample preparation approaches are presented.