Fundamentals of unified physics

Abstract

This work is based on the following three premises: (1) Equality c = u with u = (‐2u)1/2 as the total escape speed (from all the masses in the universe) and u the total gravitational potential; given a value of the universe mass, as shared by many physicists, u tends to c, hence constant on Earth. Moreover, the above equality implies the massiveness of light, which regards the second premise: (2) Structure of light: Longitudinal/sinusoidal particles, photons, moving along rays, having parameters λ (their length) and frequency ν (their number, of the same ray, flowing in a time unit); now, if photons and electron should have, at their impact, opposite direction, a circling electron could fall into its nucleus, hence the third premise. (3) A structure of the electron where its charge is not uniformly distributed, but it can be considered as a point particle fixed on the electron surface, facing the atom nucleus during the electron orbits; the electron charge corresponds to the photons-electron impact point, where photons are absorbed and released. Due to these structures, the photons-electron impacts will force the involved electron to move, with a radial velocity w, toward wider orbits. On these bases, and according to the classical mechanics laws, we found, but not limited to, these results: The measured speed of light, constant on Earth because of the equality #1, turns out to be also invariant whatever the relative motion observer-source (of light) is: In short, during the interaction photons-electron, due to both the electron radial velocity and its Doppler effect, if the photons frequency decreases, then their length will increase (and vice versa) always inducing the invariant c. [The equality c = u has a cosmological reason: If c > u, all the visible masses, following the photons mass moving toward the infinity, would be dispersed from each other; if c < u all masses would collapse, while, for c = u, the photons mass (as well as neutrinos mass, as shown) will ensure an endless balance between dispersion and collapse.] The gravitational redshift and the claimed time dilation depend, like c, on the variation of the total potential. On H atom, the number of the electron circular orbits turns out to be n = 1, 2…137; the electron orbital speed along its ground-state (g-s) orbit becomes v 1 = c/137, while the electron charge g-s orbital speed is v o = αc with α being the fine-structure constant. As for the claimed fall of circling electrons into their nucleus due to their supposed photons emission, we found that the circling electrons are emitting the previously absorbed photons only during the spiral path from higher toward lower orbits; this emission avoids their fall. Then we show that the compensation velocity (to restore the resonance source-detector located at different heights) has opposite direction with respect to the one predicted by relativity.