Fundamentals of sustainable chemical science

Abstract

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY If We Do Not Change Direction The Essential Role of Chemistry Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry A Mini-Course in Chemistry The Building Blocks of Matter Chemical Bonds and Compounds Chemical Reactions and Equations Numbers in Chemistry: Exponential Notation Significant Figures and Uncertainties in Numbers Measurements and Systems of Measurement Units of Mass Units of Length Units of Volume Temperature, Heat, and Energy Pressure Units and Their Use in Calculations Chapter Summary Literature Cited Questions and Problems MATTER AND MATERIALS What Is Matter And Why Does It Matter For Sustainability And Green Chemistry? Classification of Matter Quantity of Matter: The Mole Physical Properties of Matter States of Matter Gases Liquids and Solutions Solids Thermal Properties Separation and Characterization of Matter The Green Chemistry of Matter Chapter Summary Questions and Problems ATOMS AND ELEMENTS Atoms and Elements The Atomic Theory Subatomic Particles The Basic Structure of the Atom Development of the Periodic Table Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom Helium, the First Atom with a Filled Electron Shell Lithium, the First Atom with Both Inner and Outer Electrons The Second Period, Elements Elements 11-20, and Beyond A More Detailed Look at Atomic Structure Quantum and Wave Mechanical Models of Electrons in Atoms Energy Levels of Atomic Orbitals Shapes of Atomic Orbitals Electron Configuration Electrons in the First 20 Elements Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Chapter Summary Questions and Problems CHEMICAL BONDS, MOLECULES, AND COMPOUNDS Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation Chemical Bonding and the Octet Rule Ionic Bonding Fundamentals of Covalent Bonding Covalent Bonds in Compounds Some Other Aspects of Covalent Bonding Chemical Formulas of Compounds The Names of Chemical Compounds Acids, Bases, and Salts Chapter Summary Questions and Problems CHEMICAL REACTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND STOICHIOMETRY The Sentences of Chemistry The Information In A Chemical Equation Balancing Chemical Equations Will A Reaction Occur? How Fast Does A Reaction Go? Classification of Chemical Reactions Quantitative Information from Chemical Reactions What Is Stoichiometry and Why Is It Important? Chapter Summary Questions and Problems ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS The Importance of Acids, Bases, and Salts The Nature of Acids, Bases, and Salts Conductance of Electricity by Acids, Bases, and Salts in Solution Dissociation of Acids and Bases in Water The Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Buffers H And the Relationship between Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion Concentrations Preparation of Acids Preparation of Bases Preparation of Salts Acid Salts and Basic Salts Water of Hydration Names of Acids, Bases, and Salts Chapter Summary Questions and Problems SOLUTIONS AND SOLVENTS What Are Solutions? Why Are They Important? Solvents Water-A Unique Solvent The Solution Process and Solubility Solution Concentrations Standard Solutions and Titrations Physical Properties of Solutions Solution Equilibria Colloidal Suspensions Chapter Summary Questions and Problems CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY Chemistry and Electricity Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation-Reduction in Solution The Dry Cell Storage Batteries Using Electricity to Make Chemical Reactions Occur Electroplating Fuel Cells Solar Cells Reaction Tendency Effect of Concentration: Nernst Equation Potentiometry Corrosion Chapter Summary Questions and Problems ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Organic Functional Groups and Classes Of Organic Compounds Synthetic Polymers Chapter Summary Supplementary References Questions and Problems BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Biochemistry Biochemistry and the Cell Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Enzymes Nucleic Acids Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering Metabolic Processes Chapter Summary Literature Cited Supplementary References Questions and Problems INDEX