Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Abstract

About the Authors. Foreword. Preface and Acknowledgements. Introduction. List of Abbreviations. List of Symbols. 1. Earthquake Characteristics. 1.1 Causes of Earthquakes. 1.1.1 Plate Tectonics Theory. 1.1.2 Faulting. 1.1.3 Seismic Waves. 1.2 Measuring Earthquakes. 1.2.1 Intensity. 1.2.2 Magnitude. 1.2.3 Intensity-Magnitude Relationships. 1.3 Source-to-Site Effects. 1.3.1 Directional Effects. 1.3.2 Site Effects. 1.3.3 Dispersion and Incoherence. 1.4 Effects of Earthquakes. 1.4.1 Damage to Buildings and Lifelines. 1.4.2 Effects on the Ground. 1.4.3 Human and Financial Losses. References. 2. Response of Structures. 2.1 General. 2.2 Conceptual Framework. 2.2.1 Definitions. 2.2.2 Strength-versus Ductility-Based Response. 2.2.3 Member-versus System-Level Consideration. 2.2.4 Nature of Seismic Effects. 2.2.5 Fundamental Response Quantities. 2.2.6 Social-Economic Limit States. 2.3 Structural Response Characteristics. 2.3.1 Stiffness. 2.3.2 Strength. 2.3.3 Ductility. 2.3.4 Overstrength. 2.3.5 Damping. 2.3.6 Relationship between Strength, Overstrength and Ductility: Force Reduction Factor 'Supply'. References. 3. Earthquake Input Motion. 3.1 General. 3.2 Earthquake Occurrence and Return Period. 3.3 Ground-Motion Models (Attenuation Relationships). 3.3.1 Features of Strong-Motion Data for Attenuation Relationships. 3.3.2 Attenuation Relationship for Europe. 3.3.3 Attenuation Relationship for Japan. 3.3.4 Attenuation Relationships for North America. 3.3.5 Worldwide Attenuation Relationships. 3.4 Earthquake Spectra. 3.4.1 Factors Influencing Response Spectra. 3.4.2 Elastic and Inelastic Spectra. 3.4.3 Simplified Spectra. 3.4.4 Force Reduction Factors (Demand). 3.4.5 Design Spectra. 3.4.6 Vertical Component of Ground Motion. 3.4.7 Vertical Motion Spectra. 3.5 Earthquake Records. 3.5.1 Natural Records. 3.5.2 Artificial Records. 3.5.3 Records Based on Mathematical Formulations. 3.5.4 Scaling of Earthquake Records. 3.6 Duration and Number of Cycles of Earthquake Ground Motions. 3.7 Use of Earthquake Databases. 3.8 Software for Deriving Spectra and Generation of Ground-Motion Records. 3.8.1 Derivation of Earthquake Spectra. 3.8.2 Generation of Ground-Motion Records. References. 4. Response Evaluation. 4.1 General. 4.2 Conceptual Framework. 4.3 Ground Motion and Load Modelling. 4.4 Seismic Load Combinations. 4.5 Structural Modelling. 4.5.1 Materials. 4.5.2 Sections. 4.5.3 Components and Systems for Structural Modelling. 4.5.4 Masses. 4.6 Methods of Analysis. 4.6.1 Dynamic Analysis. 4.6.2 Static Analysis. 4.6.3 Simplified Code Method. 4.7 Performance Levels and Objectives. 4.8 Output for Assessment. 4.8.1 Actions. 4.8.2 Deformations. 4.9 Concluding Remarks. References. Appendix A - Structural Configurations and Systems for Effective Earthquake Resistance. Appendix B - Damage to Structures. Index.