Abstract
Dark matter (DM) is one of the biggest mystery in the Universe. In this review, we start reporting the evidences for this elusive component and discussing about the proposed particle candidates and scenarios for such phenomenon. Then, we focus on recent results obtained for rotating disc galaxies, in particular for low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies. The main observational properties related to the baryonic matter in LSBs, investigated over the last decades, are briefly recalled. Next, these galaxies are analyzed by means of the mass modelling of their rotation curves both individual and stacked. The latter analysis, via the universal rotation curve (URC) method, results really powerful in giving a global or universal description of the properties of these objects. We report the presence in LSBs of scaling relations among their structural properties that result comparable with those found in galaxies of different morphologies. All this confirms, in disc systems, the existence of a strong entanglement between the luminous matter (LM) and the dark matter (DM). Moreover, we report how in LSBs the tight relationship between their radial gravitational accelerations g and their baryonic components gb results to depend also on the stellar disk length scale and the radius at which the two accelerations have been measured. LSB galaxies strongly challenge the ΛCDM scenario with the relative collisionless dark particle and, alongside with the non-detection of the latter, contribute to guide us towards a new scenario for the DM phenomenon.
Highlights
By means of-telescopes it is possible to observe the “light” emitted by stars, dust, and gas in galaxies but this is only the tip of an iceberg of their total mass
The Dark matter (DM) reference particle is cold and collisionless, it is interesting to note that alternative scenarios to Λ-cold dark matter (ΛCDM) run in difficulties and this makes the information on the DM particle that we can extract from the low surface brightness (LSB) structural properties even more important, by providing us with additional clarifying tests for the various particle candidates
Characteristic of the case in which baryons and DM have conserved the primordial angular momentum per unit mass during the process of disk formation. This low value could be due to the fact that in LSBs the high angular momentum gas located in the outermost regions of the primordial HI + H2 disks has been inhibited in transforming in stars by their very low surface densities ([258,259])
Summary
By means of (radio)-telescopes it is possible to observe the “light” emitted by stars, dust, and gas in galaxies but this is only the tip of an iceberg of their total mass. This review is focused on recent investigations on low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies and, namely, on their DM distribution, its relation with the luminous matter distribution and the implications on the DM mystery In other words, it is centered on the structural properties of the DM and the LM in LSBs, galaxies that belong to the family of discs, i.e., rotating objects with a rather simple kinematics. The topic of this review, focused on the properties of dark and luminous matter in LSB disc galaxies and their implications for the DM mystery, is related to several other topics in astrophysics, cosmology, astroparticle physics, and physics of the elementary particles. We will indicate a number of works that extend the content of the present review
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