Abstract
Highly uniform samples of carbon nanofoam from hydrothermal sucrose carbonization were studied by helium ion microscopy (HIM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Foams with different densities were produced by changing the process temperature in the autoclave reactor. This work illustrates how the geometrical structure, electron core levels, and the vibrational signatures change when the density of the foams is varied. We find that the low-density foams have very uniform structure consisting of micropearls with ≈2–3 μm average diameter. Higher density foams contain larger-sized micropearls (≈6–9 μm diameter) which often coalesced to form nonspherical μm-sized units. Both, low- and high-density foams are comprised of predominantly sp2-type carbon. The higher density foams, however, show an advanced graphitization degree and a stronger sp3-type electronic contribution, related to the inclusion of sp3 connections in their surface network.
Highlights
Nanofoams are of considerable current interest due to their unique structure, which lies between two and three dimensions, allowing for many new types of materials with promising new functions for future technologies
Uniform samples of carbon nanofoam from hydrothermal sucrose carbonization were studied by helium ion microscopy (HIM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy
We have demonstrated that the simultaneous existence of high pressure and high temperature in an autoclave with an aqueous solution of sucrose/naphthalene precursor leads to the formation of high-quality carbon nanofoams
Summary
Nanofoams are of considerable current interest due to their unique structure, which lies between two and three dimensions, allowing for many new types of materials with promising new functions for future technologies. Since many material functions rely on molecule–surface interactions and low-dimensional properties, materials with large surface areas and a quantum-confined nanoscale nature are of particular interest. Such conditions are provided by porous materials with nanometer dimensions. The main questions to be answered are related to the synthetic methods for formation, the foam morphologies, and the electronic and vibronic properties. Nanofoam materials derived from various chemical elements have been investigated.
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