Functions of various bacteria for specific pollutants degradation and their application in wastewater treatment: a review

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Nowadays, wastewater pollution has become a serious deterioration problem for biotic and abiotic environs due to tenacity, and bioremediation plays a significant role in restoring pollutions. Treatment strategies, such as physicochemical approaches, are inadequate to clean pollutions due to its sustainability. Bacterial remediation is an environmentally friendly, economically affordable, and acceptable alternative; thus, scholars have made progress using bioremediation as a successful treatment strategy. Different bacteria species with biodegradation potential have been isolated, characterized, and their performance has been evaluated depending on the contaminants contained in the wastewater. But, all species studied do not have a capacity for complete degradations of the targeted contaminant and are not effective in situations with wastes containing a variety of pollutants. In this review, different bacteria species with different remediation capacities based on types of contaminants (heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and oils) were presented. Also, the basics of bacterial remediation, its mechanisms, principles, factors affecting the remediation process were discussed. By applying bacterial community analysis in the wastewater, important preliminary evidence can be obtained. The evidence could tell which species more effective in bioremediation of the polluted water. The review also explains the existing advances with extremophile, particularly alkaliphilic bacteria, and their uses in effluent treatment, and their prospects are provided. Several alkaliphilic bacterial species have been isolated for the potential decolorization efficiency, the Halomonas and Marinobacter adopted in the saline environment having a capacity for wastewater treatment.