Abstract
The process of sperm production is well understood, but the studies of essential nutritional elements which are necessary for successful spermatogenesis are not deeply studied as yet. Our review focuses on integrating available information of various nutritional elements involved in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation and male reproductive system development, such as Zinc, Selenium, Folate, Vitamins and others. Antioxidants protect sperm from further oxidative damage during the entire sperm production. Other nutrients assist to improve sperm quality through different ways. The important roles of macronutrients like lipids, amino acids and proteins are emphasized here. These macronutrients constitute major components of the spermatozoa. Effects of nutritional elements on the development of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, sperm motility and semen quality, capacity of capacitation and fertilization are discussed. A review of these areas will provide researchers with a better understanding of the compulsory participation of these nutrients in male reproductive processes. This review also pointed out gaps in current studies which will require further investigations.
Highlights
Vertebrate male reproductive endocrine systems commonly comprise hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and testes, which form the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) system
The role of Vitamin E in the reproductive system is widely studied and it has been demonstrated that Vit E enhances the development of reproductive organs by increasing epididymal weight, epididymis ductules and seminiferous tubules diameters, spermatogenic cells and interstiticial cell density which is crucial in the smooth-going of spermatogenesis [28]
Our findings show that zinc content which is high in immobile starfish spermatozoa diminished significantly after sperm swims vigorously
Summary
Vertebrate male reproductive endocrine systems commonly comprise hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and testes, which form the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) system. The male reproductive tract mainly consists of testes, epididymis and ductus deferens [1,2]. The major function of the male reproductive tract is to produce spermatozoa and hormones. The anterior pituitary gland produces two hormones: follicle—stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
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