Functionally distinct tendons have different biomechanical, biochemical and histological responses to in vitro unloading

Abstract

Tendons with different in vivo functions are known to have different baseline biomechanics, biochemistry and ultrastructure, and these can be affected by changes in loading. However it is not know whether different tendon types respond in the same, or different ways, to changes in loading.This study performed in vitro un-loading (stress deprivation) in culture on ovine medial extensor tendons (MET, a positional tendon), and superficial and deep digital flexor tendons (SDFTs and DDFTs, with energy-storing and intermediate functions respectively), for 21 days (n = 14 each). Tensile strength and elastic modulus were then measured, followed by biochemical assays for sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and hydroxyproline content. Histological inspection for cell morphology, cell density and collagen alignment was also performed.The positional tendon (MET) had a significant reduction (∼50%) in modulus and strength (P < 0.001) after in vitro stress-deprivation, however there were no significant effects on the energy-storing tendons (SDFT and DDFT). In contrast, sGAG was not affected in the MET, but was reduced in the SDFT and DDFT (P < 0.001). All tendons lost compactness and collagen organisation, and had reduced cell density, but these were more rapid in the MET than the SDFT and DDFT.These results suggest that different tendon types respond to identical stimuli in different ways, thus; (i) the results from an experiment in one tendon type may not be as applicable to other tendon types as previously thought, (ii) positional tendons may be particularly vulnerable to clinical stress-deprivation, and (iii) graft tendon source may affect the biological response to loading in ligament and tendon reconstruction.