Abstract
Currently, pristine and functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are introduced in heterogeneous catalysis for biomass upgrading owing to the specific texture properties including regular higher-order structure, high specific surface area, and the precisely tailored diversity. The purpose of this review is to afford a comprehensive discussion of the most applications in biomass refinery. We highlight recently developed four types of MOFs like pristine MOFs and their composites, MOF-supported metal NPs, acid-functionalized MOFs, and biofunctionalized MOFs for production of green, sustainable, and industrially acceptable biomass-derived platform molecules: (1) upgrading of saccharides, (2) upgrading of furan derivatives, and (3) upgrading of other biobased compounds.
Highlights
Rapid population growth and enhanced living quality requirements led to an improvement in energy demand and fossil feedstocks containing coal, petroleum, and natural gas
Catalytic hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose was investigated by MIL-53(Al) [28]. e HMF and total reducing sugar molar yielding high up to 40.3% and 54.2% were achieved with 200°C, 4 h, respectively. e aluminum-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) acted as a reuse catalyst for three cycles without obvious activity loss, and the HMF yield (40.3%) decreased to 38.4%, which was ascribed to MIL-53(Al) mass weightlessness in cleaning proceeds and plugging of active sites by unexpected byproducts
Lactic acid yielding high up to 32% was achieved with fructose as the substrate, benefitting from the particular porous feature of catalyst MIL-100(Fe), while relatively low yields of 18% and 20% lactic acid were found with other MOFs, such as Cu-BTC and MIL-100(Cr), respectively
Summary
Rapid population growth and enhanced living quality requirements led to an improvement in energy demand and fossil feedstocks containing coal, petroleum, and natural gas Another mainstream of the current generation is the increasing motivation to protect the environment from greenhouse gas emissions aroused by the tremendous consumption of fossil fuels [1, 2]. Numerous heterogeneous catalysts for the efficient conversion of biomass feedstocks into platform molecules and high-energy fuels have been explored [12, 13]. MOFs are of particular research topics for biomass valorization owing to the Advances in Polymer Technology proverbial texture properties such as changeable pore/cage size, high surface area, large cavity diameter and volume, the tunable diversity, and high hydrothermal stability [27]. ZIF (zeolitic imidazolate frameworks), having 3D structural feature with nanometre pore size and large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (
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