Abstract
Pathogens, especially drug-resistant pathogens caused by the abuse of antibiotics, have become a major threat to human health and public health safety. The exploitation and application of new antibacterial agents is extremely urgent. As a natural biopolymer, cellulose has recently attracted much attention due to its excellent hydrophilicity, economy, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In particular, the preparation of cellulose-based hydrogels with excellent structure and properties from cellulose and its derivatives has received increasing attention thanks to the existence of abundant hydrophilic functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxy, and aldehyde groups) within cellulose and its derivatives. The cellulose-based hydrogels have broad application prospects in antibacterial-related biomedical fields. The latest advances of preparation and antibacterial application of cellulose-based hydrogels has been reviewed, with a focus on the antibacterial applications of composite hydrogels formed from cellulose and metal nanoparticles; metal oxide nanoparticles; antibiotics; polymers; and plant extracts. In addition, the antibacterial mechanism and antibacterial characteristics of different cellulose-based antibacterial hydrogels were also summarized. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of cellulose-based antibacterial hydrogels in biomedical applications were also discussed.
Highlights
At present, the threat of bacterial contamination has attracted much attention in the drinking water [1], food [2], and medical and health industries [3,4]
In addition to the antibacterial properties brought by the combination of metal nanoparticles and cellulose-based hydrogels, as the further development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, it has been reported that metal oxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, polymers plant extracts and other antibacterial materials are combined with cellulose-based hydrogels (Figure 3)
The results showed that the hydrogel containing 200 mg/L PLL could successfully inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of P. aeruginosa was lower than that of S. aureus, since the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria P. aeruginosa was thicker and harder
Summary
The threat of bacterial contamination has attracted much attention in the drinking water [1], food [2], and medical and health industries [3,4]. Cellulose-based hydrogels have the advantages of strong water retention, good biodegradability, good biocompatibility, highly modifiable, low cost, and good mechanical properties (Figure 1b). Cellulose-based hydrogels, composed of non-toxic and biocompatible cellulose and water molecules, does not show any pristine antibacterial activity. Cellulose has excellent modifiability and the ability to combine with antibacterial materials, which makes cellulose-based hydrogels have great potential to develop into antibacterial hydrogels [57,58]. In the process of integrating cellulose hydrogels with antibacterial materials, the properties (e.g., swelling and adsorption) of the corresponding antibacterial hydrogels can be improved by modifying the variety and addition number of antibacterial agents [59]. The antibacterial properties and applications of a variety of cellulose-based hydrogels, including cellulose and its derivatives with metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, polymers or plant extracts to form cellulose-based hydrogels are systematically summarized in this contribution. It is expected to provide theoretical basis and new ideas for the design and application of cellulose-based and other biomass-based antibacterial materials in the future
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