Functional zonation of the midgestation human fetal adrenal cortex: Fetal versus definitive zone use of progesterone for cortisol synthesis

Abstract

Studies of human fetal adrenal function and its control have revolved mainly around the remarkable capacity of the unique fetal zone of this gland to elaborate dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Another important function of the fetal adrenal, however, is its production of cortisol. Because the human fetal adrenal is deficient in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, cortisol has been thought to be formed from circulating progesterone. To further investigate this hypothesis, cortisol production by separated fetal and definitive zones of the midgestation human fetal adrenal in organ culture has been examined in the absence and presence of varying concentrations of progesterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Cortisol was measured by radioimmunoassay. In the absence of progesterone, cortisol production by both zones increased gradually over time in culture in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone. In the presence of progesterone, cortisol production by the definitive zone was unchanged. In contrast, the response of the fetal zone to progesterone was immediate: cortisol production increased significantly and remained high throughout the culture period. These results suggest a greater capacity of the fetal zone to utilize progesterone for cortisol production and are consistent with morphologic evidence that the active zone of the midgestation human fetal adrenal is the fetal zone, possessing not only the enzyme activity necessary for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production but, except for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, that for cortisol production as well.